A. Governing equations of the model
A.d. Radiation The radiative heating (cooling) term in Equation (A.4) is given by the convergence (divergence) of the net radiative heat flux, which is calculated by using the radiative transfer equation. We consider the following radiation processes in our model: absorption of near infrared solar radiation (NIR), absorption and emission of infrared radiation associated with atmospheric CO2, absorption and scattering of solar radiation, and absorption and emission of infrared radiation associated with dust. Scattering of NIR and infrared radiation associated with atmospheric CO2 are not taken into consideration. Infrared radiative heating due to atmospheric CO2 is a major radiative heating (cooling) source near the surface (cf., Savijärvi, 1991b). Atmospheric temperature in the Martian stratosphere is determined from a balance between near infrared radiative heating and infrared cooling associated with atmospheric CO2 (Gierasch and Goody, 1967). Infrared radiation associated with dust can not be negligible when calculating nighttime radiative cooling. is represented as follows. Qrad,IR and Qrad,NIR are the infrared and near infrared radiative heating rates associated with CO2. Qrad,dust,SR and Qrad,dust,IR are the solar and infrared radiative heating rates associated with dust. The governing equations to calculate these heating rates are described in the following sections. Radiative transfer of atmospheric CO2 Band parameters of CO2 Radiative transfer of dust Dust opacity Optical parameters of dust Solar flux and zenith angle
A Numerical Simulation of Thermal Convection in the Martian Lower Atmosphere with a Two-Dimensional Anelastic Model